Noun Formation: English And Vietnamese

Noun Formation English And Vietname c in allingeAs we all know, intelligence come alongncy are the just about important unit in one languold age. We use address everyday, in some(prenominal) various fields of spiritedness from work to studying, general anatomy informal office to formal situation. From word, we nominate create phrases, sentences to communication with each other under umpteen forms. Amongst words, noun is a rather crucial part. Nouns have several functions in sentences. They depose be the subject, an object, an appositive, or a complement (Rakoczy). Therefore, noun- composition can be recognized as the sub process of word-formation, and it leaveing share some same diagnostic of word formation. My essay is inventioned at identifying, analyzing and contrasting the noun formation between English and Vietnamese to magnify the similarities and differences. Based on this paper, I hope to help my readers dismiss about noun formation and help the educators have a universal perspective of the unavoid fit errors of learning process in both Vietnamese and English learners.NOUN-FORMATION IN ENGLISHBecause noun-formation is the sub-process of word-formation, it in addition follows the same morphological rules of word-formation. Nouns are formed by morphemes as well. equalise to the classification, we have confuseding, affixation or derivation, and conversion. More specifically adhesion or derivation, forms nouns with affixes.Compounding is the combination of both or more(prenominal) morphemes.Conversion, also called zero derivation, is the creation of a word from an existing word without any diversify in form (Conversion, 2001). For pillowcase, word shifts from verb to noun without change of its morphemes.There is other noun-formation such as reduplication, clipping, blending, acronyms, and borrowing. Reduplication is repeating an item with a change in the pedigree consonant or change in the middle vowel. press clipping is a process which consists in the reduction of a word to one of its parts (Marchand1969). Clipping is also known as truncation or shortening. (Clipping, 2001), without changing its meaning. Blending is combining of shortened of two or more morphemes to form a hot word. On the other hand, acronyms are nouns using the initial letters in words, phrases, or proper names. Last is borrowing, which actually has two types using the exact word from another the language and translating it literally, we often called the second type calque or loan translation.NOUN FORMATION IN VIETNAMESESimilar to English, noun in Vietnamese was also formed by morphemes. However, the noun-formation from affixation does not appear in Vietnamese as it is in English. The free morpheme and bound morpheme in Vietnamese are define differently. More particularly, the bound morpheme in Vietnamese can be used as a separate word. In English, when the bound morpheme stands alone, it doesnt make a total word. In Vietnamese, noun wa s formed by combining two free morphemes, two bound morphemes, or one bound morpheme and one free morpheme. As a result, noun is formed by deepening, conversion to scrambleher with other methods such as reduplication, clipping, acronyms, and borrowing. Moreover, because of the long-term domination of the Chineses dynasties and French colonist, the vocabularies which Vietnamese borrowed from Chinese and French are legion(predicate) and various.CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE1. Affixation (Derivation)In this part, I allow for discuss the affixation in English. The affixes involve prefixes and suffixes. For example, from the adjective literal, we however need to add the suffixes -cy to form the noun literacy. Together with the suffixes, the prefixes also contribute to the noun formation. When we offer a new add-on il-, we immediately have a new noun analphabetism which has the opposite meaning to the noun literacy. Consequently, the prefix of noun can change the meaning of the origin, but it still importanttains the word class. The suffix, on the other hand, when be attached to the base, it can alter a verb to a noun or other word class. several(prenominal) typical suffixes for noun are -ant, -er, -or, -ment. In addition, prefixes and suffixes contain some given meanings which were displayed belowPrefixes consequenceSuffixesMeaningAnti-Against-tudestate ofMis-wrong, astray-istdealer, doerPost-After-ismdoctrine, beliefDis-not, opposite of-itystate of beingInter-between, among-cystate of beingDe-get rid of-eer, -er, -orperson who2. Compound nounsIn English, except some single words are noun themselves, noun can be formed by many another(prenominal) methods, such as some in shelveCompound patternsExamplesNoun + Nounbloodstream, seashore, cupboardAdjective + Nounhardboard, blueberry, softballVerb + Nounswimming pool, washing machinePreposition + Nouninbox, outbox, overcoatVerb + Verbmake-work, drop-kickVerb + Prepositionbreakaway, hideout , shrinkawayPhrases Compoundstock-in-trade, mother-in-lawSpecial Compoundtetragon, archeology correspond to the table, there are many patterns to form a noun. However, we can branch all the patterns into 3 categoriesThe solid or closed form two words were combined as one word. Ex timetable, blackboard.The hyphenated form two words are connected by a hyphen.Ex son-in-law, stitch-up.The open or pose form the word consists of two longer words, and often written separately. Ex high court, slow motion.Meanwhile, in Vietnamese we have the coordinated compound noun and the principal-and-accessory compound noun, which were also known in Vietnamese are t ghp ng lp and t ghp chnh ph. The coordinated compound noun is the noun was built from two components with equal meaning, for example ch ba, qun o. The coordinated compound noun often expresses the general and synthetic meaning which was one main point that makes it different from the principal-and accessory compound noun. The principal-an d accessory compound noun is the noun that involves two components, in which one component depends on the other. The secondary component impart classify the main component. For instance we have the first component is ng, which path the way to go, and the second one is st, a mannequin of metal that made this kind of way. When we combine those two components, we will have the new noun ng st, which actually means railway in order to distinguish with ng khng, ng thy, ng b3. ConversionThe conversion is a very interesting process of forming new word. It occurs in both English and Vietnamese. Without changing its forms, we can change the meaning of the word, even the word class (but I dont talk about word class-change because this essay is focused on the noun formation, not the word formation) more specifically, lets examine these two examplesEx 1 Firstly, in English, with the word stop in 2 sentencesIt is time to put a stop to the violence.I get off at the next stop.In the first one, s top means the act of stopping the violence, but in the second sentence, stop actually means a place where a bus or train stops regularly for passengers to get on or off. Clearly, the form of the noun stop doesnt change.Ex 2 In Vietnamese, take the word ph as exampleM ti nu ph rt ngon.Kh nhiu ngi n ng hin nay c t tng chn cm thm ph.ph in the first sentence is a Vietnamese dish, but the second sentence connotes the meaning of something new, especially another women, not their wives.Thus, English and Vietnamese resemble each other on this process of forming new nouns. Being used under many various circumstances, the word itself generates many different metaphorical meanings.4. Other formationa. ReduplicationBoth English and Vietnamese have reduplication. However, reduplication only seizes a small number of nouns in English. Vietnamese reduplication has two types repeating the whole word (ba ba, chu chu, co co) and repeating some components of the word. Moreover, we dont find many Vietna mese nouns which belong to the second types. The maximum length of Vietnamese reduplicative words is no more than four, and the minimum length is two. Most of the reduplicative words are two-word length. Some of reduplicative English words are ping pong, flip flop, tick-tock.b. ClippingAccording to V c Nghiu, Vietnamese only considers this process as temporary form or the spoken form of word. By definition, it doesnt happen with every word (Nghiu 2007).bm bm bmki-l-gam k lng cng sn Vit Nam ngWhereas, English have lots of words was formed by clipping such as photo from photograph, rhino from rhinocerosc. AcronymBy using the initial letters of a phrase as one word, acronym has fixd a massive number a word. Because those words were created by acronym are more memorable than the phrases, many people like this type of noun-formation, especially in names of some organizations. In English, we have AIDS, radar. In Vietnamese, we also have some acronymic words such as TW from trung ng, C LB for cu lc b.d. BlendingBlends deal with the action of abridging and then combining various lexemes to form a new word . This process combines shortened of two or more morphemes to form a word. For instance, brunch is the combination of breakfast and lunch, motel is the combination of motor and hotel. This is one special feature of English which doesnt exist in Vietnamese at all.e. BorrowingEnglish and Vietnamese borrowed a vast number of words. In Vietnamese, because of the Chinese and French domination, the borrowed vocabularies are mainly from those two countries. It was shared into two layers Chinese origin and Indo-European origin. Some examples should be taken into account are described in the tables belowVietnameseFrenchx phngSavonp-anpdalemi xoamouchoirVietnameseChinesec gi(dzh)k gi(jzh)Vietnamese also say literally some vocabulary in Chinese and French into Vietnamese for necessary usage, it usually was known as qu trnh Vit ha hon ton such asEx (fij) phi c, phi = bay laurel, c = my mc my bay (Vietnamese) (o Duy Anh, 2005) (tngzh) thnh gi (Chinese), in Hn-Vit t in gin yu, thnh = nghe, gi = ch v ngi ngi nghe (Vietnamese) (o Duy Anh, 2005)English also have two types of borrowing vocabulary the exact foreign word and calque. According to different sources, around 30% of all English words have a French origin (Calque, 2001). Some of the French words that were used in English are ablation, accent, bonnet, desert. Similar to Vietnamese, English also translate the words literally from many other languages for usage. We can take some calques as examplesLatin Lunae dies = Old English Monan dg (day of the moon) = Modern English Monday (University of Oxford, 2005)French gratte-ciel and Spanish rascal cielos (both literally means scrape-sky) = English skyscraper. (Calque, 2001)TEACHING IMPLICATIONSThe aim of contrastive analysis between English and Vietnamese is to draw out the linguistic same and differences. However, it also has another valuable practi cal basis for precept and learning. By contrasting those two languages, we can forecast the potential difficulties that the learners may encounter when learning foreign languages. Firstly, Because of the differences in word order, Vietnamese pupils tend to produce error such asroom dinning instead of dinning room, which means phng n in Vietnamesepie apple instead of apple pie, which in Vietnamese it is bnh to.This error often happened in compound noun.Secondly, when we want to mention the plural forms of nouns in Vietnamese, we usually use the word nhiu before nouns such as nhiu ngi, nhiu hy vng. That is the point. In English, we must add -s or -es behind countable nouns, for example girls, boys and preserve the uncountable nouns. Therefore, Vietnamese learners have a tendency to forget the -s and -es for countable nouns and vice versa for uncountable nouns. This also elucidates the reasons why Vietnamese pupils misuse two words many and much for countable and uncountable nouns.Thir dly, in Vietnamese, we can say Chim ang ht without any determiners. This sentence conveys the full meaning and is grammatical right. Otherwise, if we apply this rule in to English, which requires the determiners for noun, it is completely wrong. We cannot say Bird is singing (the right sentence should be The bird is singing).Finally, I want to emphasize that, besides the methods of teaching and learning, the syllabus, one of the major(ip) causes of the above errors is the differences in English and Vietnamese, or we can call it the linguistic cause.CONCLUSIONVietnamese and English show similarities as well as differences, and noun formation is a complicated process in both languages. It demands the learners to master the rules and apply it in the proper place. Vocabulary in English and Vietnamese are copious. However, Vietnamese have more types of noun formation in English, which makes the Vietnamese is more difficult for the foreigners. If you understand these linguistic characteri stics of theses two languages, you make a further step in absorbing them.What Age Should Marriage be Allowed?What Age Should Marriage be Allowed?People should be allowed to get conjoin only after age of 30Marriage is one of the most important systems which keep the continuation of the social unity through marriage between a man and a women, who agree together to build a family. Getting hook up with is a very important decision in every individuals life because they are planning to slip away their entire life with their spouses. Sometimes people get married at an early age and than experience problems in their relationship. If People are allowed to get married only after age of 30 than they will be more matured, professionally settled and have a good financial position. And lastly, individuals would have lived and enjoyed all their dreams which are sometimes not possible after marriage.Firstly, People should be allowed to get married only after age of 30 as they will be able to un derstand relationships more maturely. Age and experience brings with it wisdom most of the time. An individual marrying after the age of 30 would be able to hardly understand their spouse, would have learnt to deal with problems effectively, which will help them lead a healthier married life. For instance, if a couple gets married at an early age and if they do not know how to handle family problems than this can become a big drawback for their marriage and can lead to divorce.Secondly, People should be allowed to get married only after age of 30 as till this age most of the individuals would have achieved a lot of success in their career life and would have a good financial position to take care of their family. If individuals get married at an early age than the couple have to fight down in personal and professional lifes due to insufficient funds. For instance, if people will be allowed to get married only after age of 30 than they will plan their future well and have enough ea rnings to handle the expenses to keep their family happy.Lastly, People should be allowed to get married only after age of 30 is that waiting till the age of 30, will allow people to live their dreams as they will have many years after commandment to achieve what they want to. Individuals would have lived and enjoyed their peak years in their lifes which will lead to fulfillment of their dreams and will provide them with a sense of satisfaction in life. For instance, if an individual is allowed to get married after age of 30 will know a particular age limit of getting married and will try to live all their dreams in life till that age so that after marriage they do not have any complications related to their dreams and they can live a joyful married life.In conclusion, people should be allowed to get married only after age of 30 because they will be more matured and will have a better understanding of relationships, secondly till the age of 30 individuals would have achieved succes s in their careers and lastly individuals would have lived all their dreams till they turn to 30. These factors will make them feel more comfortable about their married life. They will be able to give all the happiness and love to their life partners because till 30 they would have found a right life partner who can take good care of their needs and wants.